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How does MDMA affect the brain?

MDMA acts on the brain by increasing the levels of several neurotransmitters, including serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine. These neurotransmitters are involved in regulating mood, energy levels, and pleasure.

When MDMA is taken, it causes the release of large amounts of serotonin, which can produce feelings of increased energy, pleasure, and emotional warmth. It also increases the release of dopamine, which can produce feelings of increased pleasure and motivation. The increased release of norepinephrine can cause an increased heart rate and blood pressure.

In addition to its effects on neurotransmitter levels, MDMA can also affect the activity of certain brain cells called neurons. It can cause neurons to release additional neurotransmitters and to become more active.

While the short-term effects of MDMA can be pleasurable, the drug can also have negative effects on the brain. Chronic use of MDMA has been linked to long-term changes in brain function and structure, including memory loss, depression, and impairments in cognitive function. It can also cause neurotoxicity, which is the death of brain cells. These negative effects can be particularly harmful in people who use MDMA frequently or in high doses.